Applying Fagan v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1969] 1 QB 439 and Haystead v DPP [2000] 3 All ER 690 it can be seen that the application of force can be indirect, therefore the push on the chair would suffice for the purposes of battery. The battery occurs when the chair causes Tim to fall forward and hit his head. Gurr, Ted Robert (January 1981). "Historical Trends in Violent Crime: A Critical Review of the Evidence". Crime and Justice. 3: 295–353. doi: 10.1086/449082. ISSN 0192-3234. S2CID 144948441.

This includes for example rough behaviour in jest such as, tripping each other up or tussling between friends, can be consented to. An example of such behaviour can be seen in R v Jones [1987] Crim LR 123 where a schoolboy who was seriously injured after being thrown into the air by his fellow students was deemed to consent to the harm caused. That Act formerly created the offence of 'Assault on a constable in the execution of his duty'. under section 7(1)(a), but that section has been superseded by section 66(1) of the Police (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (c.32) which now provides that it is an offence for a person to, amongst other things, assault a constable in the execution of his duty, or a person assisting a constable in the execution of his duty. In what appears to be a large restriction on individual autonomy, the very concept that consent is designed to protect, the law will only allow an individual to consent to cases that do not involve an act of violence. This is due to the fact that it is not considered to be in the public interest to allow individuals to hurt each other. Consider the implications allowing individuals to freely do this would have on general public morals, let alone the cost to the NHS in treating any injuries caused! Accordingly, in cases where ABH or more serious harm is intended and or caused Attorney General's Reference No 6 of 1980 [1981] states that a person's consent is irrelevant and cannot prevent criminal liability. FELSON, RICHARD B.; STEADMAN, HENRY J. (February 1983). "Situational Factors in Disputes Leading to Criminal Violence". Criminology. 21 (1): 59–74. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1983.tb00251.x. ISSN 0011-1384.Along with other factors such as the level of injury, the court will consider a number of options and determine whether rehabilitative, non-custodial alternatives are suitable, compared to an immediate custodial term. Extreme pornography describes pornographic images that are grossly offensive, disgusting or obscene, and portray a range of extreme acts in an explicit and realistic way. This may include images of extreme violence, mutilation, or sexual activity with an animal that are intended to sexually arouse. Disclosing private sexual images without consent (so-called ‘revenge pornography’). This relates to private sexual photographs and films of a person that have been disclosed without the consent of an individual who appears in them, with intent to cause that individual distress. Such images may be uploaded onto the internet, often by a person’s ex-partner, to cause them distress, humiliation or embarrassment. You can ask to do your own swabs. Or you can choose to have only some samples, for example urine or clothing. Garfield, Leslie Yalof (2009). "The Case for a Criminal Law Theory of Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress". Criminal Law Brief. 5: 33.

injures or threatens to injure a law enforcement officer, correctional officer, firefighter, police officer, or teacher on duty, or for incapacitating any of these individuals Dripps, Donald A. mname (2018). "Why Rape Should Be a Federal Crime". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3095741. ISSN 1556-5068. The actus reus of this offence is the application of unlawful force on another. This application is usually direct, for example, the defendant punches the victim, thus the defendant himself physically applies the force to the victim’s body. However, this does not need to be the case and force can also be applied indirectly. Conviction under Section 18 of the Offences Against Person Act 1861the maximum could be a life sentence.a b c d e f g h i "CanLII – Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46". Canlii. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015 . Retrieved 10 May 2015. If you've been spiked but have not been sexually assaulted, call 111 for urgent medical advice if you have any symptoms you're worried about. However, consider getting medical help as soon as possible for any injuries and because you may be at risk of pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections (STIs). If you want the crime to be investigated, the sooner a forensic medical examination takes place, the better. However, if it is tried, it is punishable with imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale, or both.

On a more indirect level, this can also involve application of force to one person which causes the application to another. Imagine a domino effect. A person, shopping in Tesco, becomes frustrated at the length of the queue so pushes the person in front of him forward, who then falls into the person in front of them and so forth, until all 3 people in the queue have fallen over. The defendant, despite applying force to only one person in the queue, would be guilty of the battery of all three people as he has indirectly applied force to each of them. This point was demonstrated in Haystead v DPP [2000] 3 All ER 690 where the defendant who punched a woman holding a baby, causing her to drop the baby, was found guilty of the battery to the baby. A battery can also be committed where the behaviour was intended as affectionate, as was confirmed in R v Braham [2013] EWCA Crim 3. An unwanted kiss for example would suffice and the fact that it was motivated by misdirected affection will not prevent it from satisfying the actus reus of battery.. The seemingly harsh ruling in Richardson will only extend as far as the fraud as to the qualifications has no bearing on the nature and quality of the act carried out. This is where the fraud leads the person to believe that the act is being carried out is one thing when it is in fact something entirely different. It most cases this is a simple point to establish, a defendant shakes his fist, the victim fears he will be hit in a matter of seconds. However, some cases have been met with contentious rulings in relation to this issue. There is not an exact definition of what ‘immediate’ has come to mean but the following case examples provide some insight. Negligently causes bodily injury to another human being by means of a firearm, destructive device, or other weapon, the use of which against a human being is likely to cause death or serious bodily injury.If you haven't decided whether to involve the police, any forensic medical evidence that's collected will be stored at the SARC. This allows you time to decide if you do want to report the assault.. Many countries, including some US states, also permit the use of corporal punishment for children in school. RvG ref 6. 1980): see "R v Brown (1993) 2 All ER 75". LawTeacher. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007 . Retrieved 17 September 2009. A sexual assault is any sexual act that a person did not consent to, or is forced into against their will. It is a form of sexual violence and includes rape (an assault involving penetration of the vagina, anus or mouth), or other sexual offences, such as groping, forced kissing, child sexual abuse, or the torture of a person in a sexual manner. Bear in mind they might not want to be touched. Even a hug might upset them, so ask first. If you're in a sexual relationship with them, be aware that sex might be frightening, and don't put pressure on them to have sex.

Injuries that interfere with the health or personal comfort of a complainant may constitute the infliction of ‘actual’ harm through assault. Actual harm refers to the notable consequences caused by an assault, meaning physical and psychological injuries need only be of minimal detriment to health but must be proven. You can also talk to someone from the MASH, or a social worker or the police if you prefer. You don't have to give your name.Different types of assault – such as GBH, ABH , common assault or battery – each relate to a different severity, whereby differing degrees of injuries have been inflicted. Is this apprehension of immediate force? No, similarly to Tuberville v Savage [1669] EWHC KB J25, the accompanying words “if you say one more thing” negate the assault as there is no immediacy. He will only be harmed in circumstances where he continues to speak and not right away. For the purposes of this offence the term assault is properly taken to mean either an assault or a battery. Therefore, the actus reus and mens rea for either of these qualifying offences must be established. No additional mens rea is required. Crucial to this definition are the ancient Greek concepts of honor (timē) and shame. The concept of timē included not only the exaltation of the one receiving honor, but also the shaming of the one overcome by the act of hubris. This concept of honor is akin to a zero-sum game. Rush Rehm simplifies this definition to the contemporary concept of "insolence, contempt, and excessive violence".