Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary

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Miller, Roy Andrew (1967). "Old Japanese Phonology and the Korean-Japanese Relationship". Language. 43 (1): 278–302. doi: 10.2307/411398. JSTOR 411398. Also topographical relief or simply relief. The vertical and horizontal dimensions of a land surface, usually as expressed in terms of elevation, slope, and orientation of geographical features. terrestrial 1.Consisting of, living on, or relating to land, as opposed to water or air; e.g. a terrestrial animal lives primarily on land surfaces rather than in the sea. [3] 2.On, of, or relating to the Earth, as opposed to other planets or to celestial phenomena occurring outside the Earth's atmosphere. [3] territorial waters 1.A concept of the Law of the Sea defined as the belt of coastal waters extending no more than 12 nautical miles (22km) from a designated baseline (usually defined as the mean low-water line) for a coastal state and regarded as the sovereign territory of the state; or more generally any area of water over which a state has legal jurisdiction, including internal waters, the exclusive economic zone, and potentially others. territory A specific area or portion of the Earth's surface, especially one claimed or administered by a particular country; similar to though distinct from a region. [4] tertiary sector That portion of a region's economy devoted to service activities (e.g., retail and wholesale operations, transportation, insurance). [4] thalweg Also panhandle, chimney (if protruding northward), or bootheel (if protruding southward). Any narrow, elongated protrusion of a larger territory, either physical or political, such as a state. [4] salt marsh Tarn, W. W. (2013). "Alexander and the Ganges". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 43 (2): 93–101. doi: 10.2307/625798. JSTOR 625798. S2CID 164111602. Also integrative geography, environmental geography, or human–environment geography. The branch of geography that describes and explains the spatial aspects of interactions between human individuals or societies and their natural environment. intercardinal directions

For this new edition, all existing entries have been fully revised and updated, and there is now expanded coverage of economic geography (e.g. neo-liberalism), recent developments in geopolitics (e.g. 9/11 responses and the geographical implications of war on terror), and geography of finance (e.g. global production). It also focuses on the increasingly prominent areas of globalization and the anti-globalization movement, landscape restoration, the digital divide, and issues of governance. This edition also contains recommended web links for many entries. Also tollway or turnpike. A public or private road or highway for which a fee or toll is charged to drivers for passage. tombolo A sandy or shingle-covered spit, bar, or isthmus connecting an island to the mainland or to another island (thereby forming a tied island). [13] topocide topographic isolation The minimum great-circle distance between the summit of a mountain or hill and a point of equal elevation, representing a radius of dominance in which the summit is the highest point. Summit B's topographic isolation is the horizontal distance between the summit and the nearest point of equal elevation (about halfway up Summit A). Summit B's topographic prominence is the vertical height between the summit and the lowest contour line that completely encircles it but no higher summit (at the col between Summit B and Summit C). topographic map pl.) palsen An elliptical dome-like permafrost mound containing alternating layers of ice lenses and peat or mineral soil, commonly 3–10 metres (10–33ft) high and 2–25 metres (7–82ft) long, and occurring frequently in bogs in the Arctic and subarctic zones of discontinuous permafrost. [10] paludal Of or pertaining to a swamp or marsh, or to sediments that accumulate in a marshy environment. [8] pampa Also shott and shatt. An ephemeral, often highly saline lake that forms seasonally with fluctuations in the water table, usually in the winter, in the desert basins of Northwest Africa. [13] cinder cone A steep-sided volcano formed by the explosive eruption of cinders that form around a vent. Cinders are lava fragments about 1 centimetre (0.39in) in diameter. [3] circle of latitude See parallel. cirque

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Also tableland. tablemount See guyot. taiga A moist subarctic coniferous forest that begins where the tundra ends and is dominated by spruces and firs. [4] tailings Murphy, Mary (1974). "Atlases of the Eastern Hemisphere: A Summary Survey". Geographical Review. 64 (1): 111–139. doi: 10.2307/213796. JSTOR 213796.

Also polar ice sheet. Either of the two very large regions near the Earth's geographical poles that are seasonally or persistently covered in ice, which occurs because high-latitude regions receive less direct solar radiation than other regions and therefore experience much lower surface temperatures. The Earth's polar ice may cover both land and sea, and varies in size seasonally and with long-term climate change. They typically cover a much larger area than true ice caps and are more correctly termed ice sheets. polar region Either of the two high-latitude regions surrounding the Earth's geographical poles (the North and South Poles), which are characterized by frigid climates and extensive polar ice caps. The polar region of the Northern Hemisphere is often simply called the Arctic and that of the Southern Hemisphere is called the Antarctic. polderYasuko Makino, "Heibonsha" (entry), The Oxford Companion to the Book, oxfordreference.com. Retrieved 28 June 2022. Also oceanology. The scientific study of the Earth's oceans and all processes and phenomena relating to them, including their formation and evolution over time; their physical and chemical properties and how these vary within the ocean and across its boundaries; their interactions with landmasses along coasts; the bathymetry and geology of the sea floor; currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; marine life and ecosystems; and how humans affect and are affected by oceans. The interdisciplinary field draws from and involves a diverse range of other sciences, including physics, biology, geology, hydrology, meteorology, and climatology, among others. oeconym