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The Ministry of Forests and Wildlife (MINFOF) is responsible for the elaboration, execution and evaluation of the national policy on forests and wildlife. It coordinates the management and conservation of the national forests, particularly those on the country’s coastal fringe.
Given the concentration of both biophysical and socio-economic issues that characterise Cameroon’s coastal zones, adaptation is necessary if the population need to continuously live in this environment. The implementation of an integrated coastal zone management policy to inform risk, ensure prevention, protection and repair is a vital component of adaptation. This paper aims to question the risk management policies related to coastline recession by public authorities in Cameroon and in Kribi in particular. More specifically, the aim is to determine the political and legal framework of coastal risk management in Cameroon, to identify the actors and their roles, to determine the actions that are envisaged and implemented as well as their impacts on the evolution of risks linked to the retreat of the coastline in Kribi. In accordance with the above-mentioned national projects and plans, several activities have been carried out in the Kribi-Campo area within the framework of integrated coastal zone management, including: the project for the conservation and participatory management of mangrove ecosystems; the project for the sustainable community management and conservation of mangrove ecosystems in Cameroon; and the COAST (Collaborative Actions for the sustainable Tourism) project. Ordinance n˚ 74-2 of 6 July 1974 establishing land tenure rules 2. This text specifies that the public maritime domain is constituted by: the shores of the sea up to the limit of the highest tides as well as a zone of 50 m measured from this limit; the banks of the mouths of the watercourses subject to the influence of the sea up to the limit of the highest tides, as well as a zone of twenty-five metres from this limit. (art. 3). The town of Kribi, which constitutes our study area, is located in the southern part of the Cameroonian coastline. The particular interest given to this zone is explained by the fact that the Kribi coast is undoubtedly the one in Cameroon that has the most future, whether in terms of tourism or industrial development ( Kuété& Assongmo, 2008). This coastline has been heavily used in recent years by development activities, particularly structuring infrastructures (Kribi deep-water port) which interfere with the hydro-sedimentary dynamics of the coastal system and reinforce beach erosion. Thus, the current relatively degraded environmental state of this coastline presages major difficulties in adapting in the event of a rise in sea level, if no measures are taken to protect it from this inevitable phenomenon.Several conventions have been adopted and ratified by Cameroon for the integrated and sustainable management of marine and terrestrial coastal ecosystems, including: the Convention on the Protection of Wetlands of International Importance; the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The above-mentioned actors intervene on the ground through strategies, programmes or projects in favour of integrated coastal zone management. Law No. 96/12 of 5 August 1996 on the framework law for environmental management 1. According to this law, mangrove ecosystems are subject to special protection that takes into account their role and importance in the conservation of marine biological diversity and the maintenance of coastal ecological balances (art. 94). This law defines in particular the modalities of protection of the coast and marine waters (section 3). Thus, in its article 34, paragraph 2, it is mentioned that only light and dismountable installations are authorised on the maritime and river public domain, as a temporary occupation, to the exclusion of any permanent construction or residential use.
Kuété, M., & Assongmo, T. (2002). Development versus Environment in the Tropics: The Example of the Coastal Region of Kribi (Cameroon). Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer. Revue de géographie de Bordeaux, 55, 279-306. Multiple initiatives have been developed by the State of Cameroon with the support, in some cases, of development partners for the integrated management of coastal zones, including: “the Grand Ecosystème Marin du Courant de Guinée” (GEM-CG) project ( MINEP, 2011); the National Action Plan for the Management of Marine and Coastal Zones ( MINEP, 2010); the National Strategy for the Management of Mangroves and Other Coastal Ecosystems in Cameroon; and the National Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change ( MINEPDED, 2015). Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection and Sustainable Development of Cameroon (2018). National Strategy for the Sustainable Management of Mangroves and Other Coastal Ecosystems. The Ministry of Tourism and Leisure (MINTOUL) is responsible for the elaboration of national policy in the field of tourism. Its activities should be intense in coastal cities where the tourism sector is a key element of the economy and results in various types of development (hotels, restaurants, etc.) on the seafront with a more or less serious impact on the evolution of the coastline.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability—Summary for Policymakers.
Several actors are involved in coastal zone management in Cameroon. These can be classified into two broad categories as presented in Figure 2: government or state actors and non-state actors. In Cameroon, the Ministry of Environment and Protection of Nature and Sustainable Development (MINEPDED) is responsible for the management and coordination of programmes and activities related to environmental protection in general, including marine and coastal ecosystems. The Ministry of Territorial Administration (MINAT) is, among other things, in charge of natural risk and disaster management through its Civil Protection Department. It has under its supervision the National Risk Observatory (ONR), whose missions are: to collect, manage and disseminate information on natural, technological, industrial and anthropic risks; and to ensure consultation and collaboration between the various administrations concerned, and the public and private, national and international bodies involved in preventive risk management. The private sector includes economic operators with interests in the coastal fringe of Cameroon and whose activities have a greater or lesser influence on the environment. It should be noted that other actors such as the traditional authorities and Cameroon’s International Development Partners (FAO, GEF, UNDP, etc.) are also involved in the implementation of these activities.
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By using freedom properly, they can explore and develop all of their varied talents. Ghjhgj will encounter various types of people and travel great distances. Come and join the journey of discovering yourself with freedom at the center of it all. The Inner Potentials of Ghjhgj Ghjhgj is a free spirit, always seeking change, adventure, and excitement. The nucleus around which their life revolves is freedom, just like a bird needs its wings to survive, they need freedom for their very survival. The Ministry of Lands, Cadastres and Land Affairs (MINDCAF) is responsible for the overall design, implementation and evaluation of the national land ownership policy. It ensures the protection and issuance of land titles and designs cadastral plans. It plays a decisive role in the regulation of the occupation of the public maritime domain. Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection of Cameroon (2010). National Action Plan for Marine and Coastal Zone Management.
The exploitation of regulatory texts reveals that Cameroon has a set of international and national legal texts that directly or indirectly guide the management of coastal zones. Ghjhgj has a lot of nervous energy that is always seeking an outlet. They value their freedom and see life as an ongoing adventure. With an upbeat and optimistic outlook, Ghjhgj brings a positive energy to those around them. Personality Traits of the Name Ghjhgj Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Scientific Basis—Summary for Policymakers. Noblet, M. (2015). Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Areas in Canada and Senegal, a North-South Comparison. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amiens.
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The heart's desire number, or soul number, is yet another aspect of numerology. For the name Ghjghj, the heart's desire number is 0 In the context of this study, two methods were used to collect the data necessary to achieve the objectives of the study including: desk research and question guide. The National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (NCCAP) was developed by Cameroon in 2015. This plan guides the necessary actions to ensure the country’s adaptation to the effects of climate change in accordance with the requirements of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which Cameroon has ratified. This document reveals that the coastal Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) with monomodal rainfall are among the most vulnerable zones to the effects of climate change. The main exposure factors identified are sea level rise, extreme weather events and flooding. The PNACC proposes an adaptation policy based on 4 strategic axes that integrate multiple projects (15), one of which is “Protection of the coastline against the effects of climate change”. Achievements under this plan have been slow to materialise, although its implementation period was planned between 2016 and 2020.
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