SUBMARINE SUPER 99 #01 - SUBMA

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Another early adopter of diesel–electric transmission was the US Navy, whose Bureau of Engineering proposed its use in 1928. It was subsequently tried in the S-class submarines S-3, S-6, and S-7 before being put into production with the Porpoise class of the 1930s. From that point onwards, it continued to be used on most US conventional submarines. [79] The first submersible of whose construction there exists reliable information was designed and built in 1620 by Cornelis Drebbel, a Dutchman in the service of James I of England. It was propelled by means of oars. [12] 18th century Early submarines had few navigation aids, but modern subs have a variety of navigation systems. Modern military submarines use an inertial guidance system for navigation while submerged, but drift error unavoidably builds over time. To counter this, the crew occasionally uses the Global Positioning System to obtain an accurate position. The periscope—a retractable tube with a prism system that provides a view of the surface—is only used occasionally in modern submarines, since the visibility range is short. The Virginia-class and Astute-class submarines use photonics masts rather than hull-penetrating optical periscopes. These masts must still be deployed above the surface, and use electronic sensors for visible light, infrared, laser range-finding, and electromagnetic surveillance. One benefit to hoisting the mast above the surface is that while the mast is above the water the entire sub is still below the water and is much harder to detect visually or by radar. With nuclear power or air-independent propulsion, submarines can remain submerged for months at a time. Conventional diesel submarines must periodically resurface or run on snorkel to recharge their batteries. Most modern military submarines generate breathing oxygen by electrolysis of fresh water (using a device called an " Electrolytic Oxygen Generator"). Emergency oxygen can be produced by burning sodium chlorate candles. [96] Atmosphere control equipment includes a Carbon dioxide scrubber, which uses a spray of monoethanolamine (MEA) absorbent to remove the gas from the air, after which the MEA is heated in a boiler to release the CO 2 which is then pumped overboard. Emergency scrubbing can also be done with lithium hydroxide, which is consumable. [96] A machine that uses a catalyst to convert carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide (removed by the CO 2 scrubber) and bonds hydrogen produced from the ship's storage battery with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce water, is also used. [ citation needed] An atmosphere monitoring system samples the air from different areas of the ship for nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, R-12 and R-114 refrigerants, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other gases. [96] Poisonous gases are removed, and oxygen is replenished by use of an oxygen bank located in a main ballast tank. [ citation needed] [ clarification needed] Some heavier submarines have two oxygen bleed stations (forward and aft). The oxygen in the air is sometimes kept a few percent less than atmospheric concentration to reduce fire risk. Delgado, James P. (2011). Silent Killers: Submarines and Underwater Warfare. Bloomsbur

Fresh from her own deployment to the Arctic, in which she carried out a number of missions including sub-surface stealth raids with Royal Marines Commandos, sister submarine HMS Ambush joined Audacious as she limbered up for full operations off the Scottish coast. The motor could have multiple armatures on the shaft, which could be electrically coupled in series for slow speed and in parallel for high speed (these connections were called "group down" and "group up", respectively). The debris was found about 1,600 feet from the Titanic's bow on the sea floor, Mauger said, adding that it was too early to tell when the Titan imploded.

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He said the Coast Guard doesn’t charge people for search and rescue. "That’s their job," he said, noting fear of costs could deter people from seeking lifesaving help. The United States also used hydrogen peroxide in an experimental midget submarine, X-1. It was originally powered by a hydrogen peroxide/diesel engine and battery system until an explosion of her hydrogen peroxide supply on 20 May 1957. X-1 was later converted to use diesel–electric drive. [87] Discussions between the English clergyman and inventor George Garrett and the Swedish industrialist Thorsten Nordenfelt led to the first practical steam-powered submarines, armed with torpedoes and ready for military use. The first was Nordenfelt I, a 56-tonne, 19.5-metre (64ft) vessel similar to Garrett's ill-fated Resurgam (1879), with a range of 240 kilometres (130nmi; 150mi), armed with a single torpedo, in 1885. Inside the underwater vessel: Reporter who rode Titanic submersible tells USA TODAY about 'less sophisticated' parts Wife of OceanGate CEO descended from Titanic victims

See also: List of submarines of World War II The Imperial Japanese Navy's I-400-class submarine, the largest submarine type of WWII A model of Günther Prien's U-47, German WWII Type VII diesel–electric hunter Main articles: Nuclear submarine and Nuclear marine propulsion Battery well containing 126 cells on USS Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarine Single and double hulls U-995, Type VIIC/41 U-boat of World War II, showing the ship-like lines of the outer hull for surface travel, blended into the cylindrical pressure hull structure. Three submarines of this class are in commission: W AL-RUS, ZEELEEUW, and DOLFUN; the BRUINVIS will enter service in 1993. All are constructed by Rotterdamsche Droog-dok Maatschappij (RDM), in Rotterdam, now the only subma-rine construction yard in the Netherlands. RDM has developedModern submarines and submersibles usually have, as did the earliest models, a single hull. Large submarines generally have an additional hull or hull sections outside. This external hull, which actually forms the shape of submarine, is called the outer hull ( casing in the Royal Navy) or light hull, as it does not have to withstand a pressure difference. Inside the outer hull there is a strong hull, or pressure hull, which withstands sea pressure and has normal atmospheric pressure inside.

The debris is consistent with a catastrophic implosion of the vessel," Rear Adm. John Mauger, commander of the First Coast Guard District, said in a news conference. When at battle stations the submarines-which have three main compartments-have only two men in the forward compart-ment (weapons) with the remainder of the 50-man crew in the amidships compartment (berthing, mess, control); the after (engineering) compartment is normally unmanned, with a sophisticated monitoring and fault correction system being provided. The high degree of automation has led to require-ment for a crew of only seven officers and 43 enlisted men (women do not yet serve in Dutch submarines, although they are embarked in surface combatants).The Imperial Japanese Navy operated the most varied fleet of submarines of any navy, including Kaiten crewed torpedoes, midget submarines ( Type A Ko-hyoteki and Kairyu classes), medium-range submarines, purpose-built supply submarines and long-range fleet submarines. They also had submarines with the highest submerged speeds during World War II ( I-201-class submarines) and submarines that could carry multiple aircraft ( I-400-class submarines). They were also equipped with one of the most advanced torpedoes of the conflict, the oxygen-propelled Type 95. Nevertheless, despite their technical prowess, Japan chose to use its submarines for fleet warfare, and consequently were relatively unsuccessful, as warships were fast, maneuverable and well-defended compared to merchant ships. We are deeply concerned about Suleman, his father and the others involved in this incident. Our thoughts are with their families and loved ones and we continue to hope for a positive outcome," the university said. Deep ocean salvage system arrives for search