A Billion Years: My Escape from a Life in the Highest Ranks of Scientology

Product Information

Major diversification of living things in the oceans: arthropods (e.g. trilobites, crustaceans), chordates, echinoderms, molluscs, brachiopods, foraminifers and radiolarians, etc. Age of the Earth". U.S. Geological Survey. 1997. Archived from the original on 23 December 2005 . Retrieved 2006-01-10. Massive Triassic/Jurassic extinction. It wipes out all pseudosuchians except crocodylomorphs, who transitioned to an aquatic habitat, while dinosaurs took over the land and pterosaurs filled the air.

NASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery. Rise of the angiosperms. Some of these flowering plants bear structures that attract insects and other animals to spread pollen; other angiosperms are pollinated by wind or water. This innovation causes a major burst of animal coevolution. First freshwater pelomedusid turtles. Earliest krill.In the mid-18th century, the naturalist Mikhail Lomonosov suggested that Earth had been created separately from, and several hundred thousand years before, the rest of the universe [ citation needed]. Lomonosov's ideas were mostly speculative [ citation needed]. In 1779 the Comte du Buffon tried to obtain a value for the age of Earth using an experiment: He created a small globe that resembled Earth in composition and then measured its rate of cooling. This led him to estimate that Earth was about 75,000 years old. [18] a b Stiebing, William H. (1994). Uncovering the Past. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-508921-9. Roberts, Ben. "Plant evolution timeline". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 2015-03-13 . Retrieved 2015-03-19. Tyrannosaurus, the largest terrestrial predator of western North America, appears in the fossil record. First species of Triceratops. [98]

Our planet is unique in the way that it hosts life. But this is only possible because geological processes, like plate tectonics, provide a planetary life-support system." Genus Mammut appears in the fossil record, first bovids and kangaroos, diversity in Australian megafauna. NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has produced the deepest and sharpest infrared image of the distant universe to date. Known as Webb’s First Deep Field, this image of galaxy cluster SMACS 0723 is overflowing with detail. Henri Becquerel (1896). "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les corps phosphorescents". Comptes Rendus. 122: 501–503.The age of Earth is estimated to be 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years (4.54 × 10 9 years ± 1%). [1] [2] [3] [4] This age may represent the age of Earth's accretion, or core formation, or of the material from which Earth formed. [2] This dating is based on evidence from radiometric age-dating of meteorite [5] material and is consistent with the radiometric ages of the oldest-known terrestrial material [6] and lunar samples. [7] Borenstein, Seth (October 19, 2015). "Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth". Excite. Yonkers, NY: Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press . Retrieved 2015-10-20. Planet Earth forms from the accretion disc revolving around the young Sun, perhaps preceded by formation of organic compounds necessary for life in the surrounding protoplanetary disk of cosmic dust. [13] [14] Earth scientists from every continent have collected and published data, often from inaccessible and remote regions, that Dr Andrew Merdith and his collaborators have assimilated over the past four years to produce this billion-year model. Harland, W.B.; Armstrong, R.L.; Cox, A.V.; Craig, L.E.; Smith, A.G.; Smith, D.G., 1990. A Geologic Time Scale, 1989 edition. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, p.1–263. ISBN 0-521-38765-5

Landing, Ed; Westrop, Stephen R. (September 1, 2006). "Lower Ordovician Faunas, Stratigraphy, and Sea-Level History of the Middle Beekmantown Group, Northeastern New York". Journal of Paleontology. 80 (5): 958–980. doi: 10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80[958:LOFSAS]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 130848432.Fedonkin, Mikhail A. (March 31, 2003). "The origin of the Metazoa in the light of the Proterozoic fossil record". Paleontological Research. 7 (1): 9–41. doi: 10.2517/prpsj.7.9. ISSN 1342-8144. S2CID 55178329. Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria using water as a reducing agent and producing oxygen as a waste product. [41] Free oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved iron in the oceans, creating iron ore. Oxygen concentration in the atmosphere slowly rises, poisoning many bacteria and eventually triggering the Great Oxygenation Event. Statistics for several meteorites that have undergone isochron dating are as follows: [45] 1. St. Severin (ordinary chondrite)