The Corsican: A Diary of Napoleon's Life in His Own Words

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Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Subfamily: Italo-Dalmatian". Glottolog 2.2.

The first special statute is of the 28th October 1814. We must also mention “The Castellare appeal” of 1973, the decentralization law of G. Defferre of 1982, and the Joxe statute of 1991. France Moves to Crush Corsican Separatists". The New York Times. 15 January 1997 . Retrieved 17 December 2012. Between 600 and 1,800m (2,000 and 5,900ft) is a temperate montane zone. The mountains are cooler and wetter, and home to the Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion. This region supports diverse forests of oak, pine, and broadleaf deciduous trees, with vegetation more typical of northern Europe. The population lives predominantly below 900m (3,000ft), with only shepherds and hikers from 600 to 900m (2,000 to 3,000ft). Paoli, on the other hand, admired the British constitution and wanted a political union between Corsica and England under the protection of the King George III. See his declaration to the Corsicans of the 1.5.1794 in: Corsica Boswell, op.cit., p.202. During the May 1958 crisis, the French military command in Algeria mutinied against the French Fourth Republic and on 24 May occupied the island in an action called Opération Corse that led to the collapse of the government; the second phase of the coup attempt, occupying Paris, was cancelled following the establishment of a transitional government under Charles de Gaulle. [19]Extinct mammals formerly native to Corsica include the Sardinian dhole, the mustelid Enhydrictis galictoides, the deer Praemegaceros cazioti, the Corsican giant shrew, Tyrrhenian mole, Sardinian pika, Tyrrhenian vole, and the Tyrrhenian field rat. French ( Français) is the official and most widely spoken language on the island. Corsican, the native tongue and an Italo-Dalmatian language, is recognized as one of France's regional languages. Italian is also widely spoken.

Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference a b Price, Gillian (9 September 2010). Walking on Corsica: Long-Distance and Short Walks. Cicerone Press Limited. p.9. ISBN 978-1-85284-387-8. The language is divided into two main varieties: Cismuntanu and Ultramuntanu, spoken respectively northeast and southwest of the Girolata– Porto Vecchio line. This division was due to the massive immigration from Tuscany which took place in Corsica during the lower Middle Ages: as a result, the Cismuntanu became very similar to the Tuscan dialects, being part of the Italo-Dalmatian language group, while the Ultramuntanu could keep its original characteristics which make it much more similar to a Southern Romance language like Sardinian ( Sardu). [45] [46] Therefore, due to the differences between the main dialectal varieties, many linguists classify Corsican as an Italo-Dalmatian language, [47] while others consider it a Southern Romance one. [48]Despite all that, during those years the Corsicans began to feel a stronger and stronger attachment to France. The reasons for that are manifold: the knowledge of the French language, which thanks to the mandatory primary school started to penetrate among the local youth, the high prestige of French culture, the awareness of being part of a big, powerful state, the possibility of well-paid jobs as civil servants, both in the island, in the mainland and in the colonies, the prospect of serving the French army during the wars for the conquest of the colonial empire, the introduction of steamboats, which reduced the travel time between mainland France from the island drastically, and – last but not least – Napoleon himself, whose existence alone constituted an indissoluble link between France and Corsica. Thanks to all these factors by around 1870 Corsica had landed in the French cultural world. [14] Echo de la Corse (May–June 1929). "Inepuissable pepiniere de soldats et de coloniaux". Saigon-Cyrnos: Bulletin de l'Amicale Corse de la Cochinchine et du Cambodge. 43: 13–14. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sourcesin this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Above all, the Count Buttafoco, who represented the nobility at the Assembly. He was regarded as the worst traitor by the Corsicans because he consorted with the French. His house was devastated and burnt, a price was put on his life. In 1768, he had to seek the protection of the French army. Ironically, it was he who represented the Corsicans at the Etats généraux (States General), after the 14th July 1789. There is a very violent letter from Napoleon to Matteo Buttafoco (Manuscript XXVIII), dated 23rd January 1793, in which the latter is considered to be a traitor and accused of showing the “avidity of a valet”. The man “dripping with the blood of his brothers, spattered with crimes of all sorts”. Buttafoco treated Paoli as a “political charlatan” ( Napoléon Inconnu, op.cit., t.II, p.124) in a manifest widely spread on the island. See also the letter of 2.4.1791 from Paoli to Napoleon, in which we read in relation to Buttafoco: “… this man can have no credence with a people who has always valued honor” ( Napoléon Inconnu, op.cit., t.II, p.199). It is interesting to note that Paoli wrote only in Italian (he did his studies in Naples) or in French, never in Corsican. Corsica ( / ˈ k ɔːr s ɪ k ə/ KOR-sik-ə, Upper Corsican: [ˈkorsiɡa], Southern Corsican: [ˈkɔrsika], Italian: [ˈkɔrsika]; French: Corse [kɔʁs] ⓘ; Ligurian: Còrsega) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France. It is the fourth-largest island in the Mediterranean and lies southeast of the French mainland, west of the Italian Peninsula and immediately north of the Italian island of Sardinia, which is the land mass nearest to it. A single chain of mountains makes up two-thirds of the island. As of January 2023 [update], it had a population of 351,255. [1] The origin of the name Corsica is subject to much debate and remains a mystery. To the Ancient Greeks, it was known as Kalliste, Corsis, Cyrnos, Cernealis, or Cirné.Before 1975, Corsica was a département of the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. In 1975 two new départements, Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud, were created by splitting the hitherto united departement of Corsica. When Corsica declared formal secession from France and requested the protection of the British government, Napoleon and his commitment to the French Revolution came into conflict with Paoli, who had decided to sabotage the Corsican contribution to the Expédition de Sardaigne by preventing a French assault on the Sardinian island La Maddalena. [44] Bonaparte and his family were compelled to flee to Toulon on the French mainland in June 1793 because of the split with Paoli. [45] A worrying result". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 10 July 2003 . Retrieved 24 November 2012. Corsica paid a high price for the French victory in the First World War: agriculture was disrupted by the years-long absence of almost all of the young workers, and the percentage of dead or wounded Corsicans in the conflict was double that of those from mainland France. Moreover, the protectionist policies of the French government, started in the 1880s and never stopped, had ruined the Corsican export of wine and olive oil, and forced many young Corsicans to emigrate to mainland France or to the Americas. In reaction to these conditions, a nationalist movement was born in the 1920s around the newspaper A Muvra, having as its objective the autonomy of the island from France. In the 1930s, many exponents of this movement became irredentist, seeing annexation of the island to fascist Italy as the only solution to its problems. Under Benito Mussolini annexation of Corsica had become one of the main goals of Italy's unification policy.

Embittered, it is true, by the known xenophobic actions: racist manifestations during the match Bastia-Lens in 1972, the indifference of the French Government to the pollution of the Corsican coast by Italy (Montedisson) – the “Red muds” (Boues rouges, 1973) -, nuclear tests at Argentella (1962). The elevation above 1,800 to 2,700m (5,900 to 8,900ft) is the high alpine zone. Vegetation is sparse, with high winds and frequent cloud cover. This zone is uninhabited. In a referendum on 6 July 2003, a narrow majority of Corsican voters opposed a proposal by the government of Jean-Pierre Raffarin and then- Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy that would have suppressed the two départements of the island and granted greater autonomy to the territorial collectivity of Corsica. [68] Paoli set off on his road to exile towards London for the second time, in 1796. He died in London in 1807, at the age of 82, his remains were repatriated to Corsica in 1889. Those of Napoleon from St. Helena in 1840. Two destinies intertwined even after death. The political and military position of the Department of Corsica on 1st June 1793”, Napoléon Inconnu, op.cit., t.II, p.469.a key date. The prelude to disgrace. At the end of September, during the legislative elections, in Corte, this mythical separatists' city where the nationalist gatherings are held even today, two men challenge each other. Paoli, totally devoted to his ambition of independence, ( 70) and Napoleon, a red-hot republican dreaming of a more advantageous future for the island and a dazzling one for himself. He needs political conditions, profitable to him. The establishment of the French State could provide him with such conditions. He wants to build bridges because he feels that the future – his own and that of the island – lies on the other side of the sea. The rivalry of the two men becomes irreversible. Paoli decides to confront the Bonaparte brothers.